${foo%suffix}

${foo#prefix}

${foo:(-3):3}

${#foo}

touch {foo,bar}.txt

ls 2>&1 > out.txt

echo "This is the first command"; echo "This is the second command"
# => This is the first command
# => This is the second command

( set -o noclobber; echo > my.lock ) || echo 'Failed to create lock file'

case "$Variable" in
    # List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
    0) echo "There is a zero.";;
    1) echo "There is a one.";;
    *) echo "It is not null.";;  # match everything
esac

#foo=<value>
${foo:-val}	# $foo, or val if unset (or null)
${foo:=val}	# Set $foo to val if unset (or null)
${foo:+val}	# val if $foo is set (and not null)
${foo:?message}	# Show error message and exit if $foo is unset (or null)
${foo%suffix}	# Remove suffix
${foo#prefix}	# Remove prefix
${foo%%suffix}	# Remove long suffix
${foo/%suffix}	# Remove long suffix
${foo##prefix}	# Remove long prefix
${foo/#prefix}	# Remove long prefix
${foo/from/to}	# Replace first match
${foo//from/to}	# Replace all
${foo/%from/to}	# Replace suffix
${foo/#from/to}	# Replace prefix

while read -r line; do
  echo "$line"
done <file.txt

myfunc() {
    echo "hello $1"
}
## call in an expansion
echo "result: $(myfunc foo)"
## call as a command
myfunc bar

!*

# Same as above (alternate syntax)
function myfunc {
    echo "hello $1"
}

echo {1..10} # => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
echo {a..z} # => a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
# This will output the range from the start value to the end value.
# Note that you can't use variables here:
from=1
to=10
echo {$from..$to} # => {$from..$to}
echo {{1..3},{7..9}} # =>  1 2 3 7 8 9

myfunc "John"

for item in ./example-dir/example-pattern*; do
  echo "$item"
done

$#

str="/path/to/foo.cpp"
echo "$str"           # /path/to/foo (variable expansion)
echo "${str}"         # /path/to/foo (variable expansion)
echo '$str'           # '$str' (disabled variable expansion)
echo "${str%.cpp}"    # /path/to/foo
echo "${str%.cpp}.o"  # /path/to/foo.o
echo "${str%/*}"      # /path/to

echo "${str##*.}"     # cpp (extension)
echo "${str##*/}"     # foo.cpp (basepath)

echo "${str#*/}"      # path/to/foo.cpp
echo "${str##*/}"     # foo.cpp

echo "${str/foo/bar}" # /path/to/bar.cpp

echo "${variable/Some/A}" # => A string
# This will substitute the first occurrence of "Some" with "A".